The tigers are part of a reintroduction project that commenced in 2009. Six founder tigers,
which were reintroduced between 2009 and 2013 (5♀ and 1♂), and 4-second generation tigers
(1♀, 3♂; born between 2010 and 2011). All 6 founder tigers and 6 of their offspring have been
fitted with VHF radio collars by reserve authorities. Details of this equipment are provided by
Sarkar et al. [23]. PTR tiger monitoring teams working in three 8-h shifts followed radio-collared
tigers each day using a handheld VHF antenna between 2009 and 2014. The teams were
tasked with recording the spatial locations of the tigers on an hourly basis. Following the signals
from the transmitters, members from the monitoring team located individual tigers and
homed-in. Tigers spent considerable time near carcasses and, whenever opportunity permitted,
members from the team visually inspected kills after the animals left the carcass, recording
details about the kill. Monitoring teams successfully recorded large bodied animal carcasses,
but most of the carcasses of intermediate and smaller sized prey were either dragged deep into
the thickets or were completely eaten by the tigers. Since we were more interested in livestock
kills, the collected dataset provided sufficient information that was also reliable. The collected
data were manually recorded into books maintained separately for each tiger and, where possible,
photographs were taken. Recorded information on kills included the spatial locations of
the kill, prey species, age group, and sex of prey. A small percentage (3%) of the kills could not be identified to the species level because carcasses were destroyed too much during the kill and
subsequent feeding.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0174844
characteristics of reintroduced tiger
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-016-1026-9
December 26 has special significance for the Panna Tiger Reserve management and staff because on this day in 2009, T3–the male tiger relocated from Pench to repopulate this habitat, was located, tranquilised and brought back by the Panna team 30 days after the big cat started moving in the South direction and travelled almost 442 kilometres through Chhatarpur, Sagar and Damoh districts and was heading towards his original habitat.
Chasing the tiger was a huge challenge for the Panna team since time was a crucial factor as the foresters were aware that the poachers could kill the tiger any moment while it was roaming outside the Protected Area. The Panna team which went searching for the tiger was supported by 70 smaller teams. Four elephants were also deployed in this massive search opeation.
T3 has sired most of the litters produced under the ambitious Panna Reintroduction Project. More than 32 cubs have been born in 14 litters since December 2009 and 6 of these have died. Of these 7 tigers have made the entire Bundelkhand region their territory while a family of 22 tigers resides in the Park area.
T3 has the credit of discovering the Panna Tiger Reserve-Nauradehi corridor during his 30 days of wandering outside the Panna area. Similarly another Panna tiger–Panna-212 created history by discovering the Panna-Bandhavgarh-Sanjay Tiger Reserve corridor pairing with a tigress in the Sanjay Tiger Reserve.
For those associated with the Panna Tiger Reintroduction Project from its inception, T3 is a real hero. He symbolises the threat any tiger would face once it leaves the Protected Area. Once T3 left the park area in November 2009, the Panna Tiger Reserve management and the State wildlife wing gave the clear message to the National Tiger Conservation Authority that there is zero security for the endangered tigers in the buffer areas or the corridors connecting the Protected Areas. Inquiries at that time had revealed that the forest team that was trying to track the tiger while it was moving outside the park area had lost its line of sight perhaps due to obstructions and a rocky terrain and had no idea about its where abouts for seven days from November 29 onwards. The only saving grace was the fact that a villager had spotted the tiger in the forest of Nayakheda at Pipartola-Gopalpura on December 2. It was on December 7, 2009 that the tiger was relocated in the Patrikota forest on the border of Chhattarpur and Sagar districts.
This tiger was first tranquilized on November 6 at Pench and was brought to Panna Tiger Reserve, where it was left in an enclosure at Badagarhi inside the Park area. Due to technical and logistical reasons, the Tiger was brought to Panna without radio-callar. The Tiger was watched for 7 days and a team of expert veterinarians, including Parag Mishra (Wildlife Institute of India), A.B Shrivastav (Jabalpur Veterinary College), Sandeep Agrawal (Kanha Tiger Reserve), Akhilesh Mishra (Pench Tiger Reserve), Sanjeev Gupta (Panna Tiger Reserve), led by the State Chief Conservator of Wildlife, Dharmendra Shukla had decided to tranquilize the tiger for the second time on November 13. The next day, the tiger was left free in the Tiger Reserve. He remained there till November 25 and started traveling southwards.
The tiger traveled more than 400 kms, which is the first example of its kind. He crossed even the town of Garhakota, which was 250 kms from the Badagarhi enclosure inside the Park area. There was no dearth of anxiety among the Panna Tiger Reserve managers and others involved in tracking the tiger at this stage, as they were afraid that the tiger could be poisoned and killed by villagers or poachers. There was also the threat of local shikaris (local villagers engaged in hunting the herbivores). The forest team could keep track of the tiger, which was radio-collared, till November 29. The forest team, led by V.S Parihar, DFO Panna Tiger Reserve, had even succeeded in driving it back almost 30 kms towards the Tiger Reserve. Soon however the tiger gave the slip and began moving in the southern direction. At this juncture, the forest team was confronted with the big question. Whether to tranquilize the tiger once again? The issue was “will it survive in the path it was moving.” There was also the risk of tranquilizing the tiger for the third time within a short period. The team on the spot, which included the member secretary National Tiger Conservation Authority, Rajesh Gopal, State PCCF Wildlife, R.S. Negi, Chief Conservator of forest, J.S. Chauhan, Panna Tiger Reserve Director, Srinivas Murthy and Dr. Ramesh (Wildlife Institute of India), finally decided to tranquilize the tiger once more. Tranquilizing the tiger in poor visibility and more particularly near the Bewas River in the midst of rock cliffs was a big challenge. On December 19, an attempt was made to tranquilize the tiger but it slipped away and hid in a sugar cane field in the Madaiyya village of Sagar district and at night crossed over to the Noradehi forest. From here the tiger moved over to the Taradehi forest where it was tranquilized on December 25 and was brought back and left in the Panna Tiger Reserve at 4 am on December 26.
https://newsroom24x7.com/2015/01/04/t3-the-real-hero-of-panna-tiger-reserve/
In the searing summer of May 2005, in the heart of the central Indian forest of Kanha Tiger Reserve, two female cubs all of 30 days, were orphaned when their mother was killed by a male tiger. The cubs were picked up and hand-reared by the forest department. At 18 months, they were released into a bigger enclosure.
Around the time that these cubs were exploring their limited freedom, about 350 km away, Panna Tiger Reserve’s tiger population was being decimated. In March 2011, one of the two siblings nearing six years of age, christened T4, was released into the wild world of Panna.T4 picked up skills to make wild kills and was soon hunting on her own. She delivered her first litter of two cubs in November 2011, a first in the world, wherein an orphaned tigress, brought up in captivity not only re-wilded but also delivered in the wild. T4 went on to deliver a second litter which she abandoned, and then a third litter in July 2013, giving birth to three cubs.
T4’s sightings with her cubs were quite common. I got to see T4 more than once, lolling away in glory with her then nine-month old babies as she rested in the shade of vegetation by a stream. The cubs couldn’t restrain their curiosity and would peek out from behind their mother. In September 2014, while her cubs were merely 14 months old, the magnificent T4 passed away. The reason was ascribed to natural causes, possibly an illness. A trailblazing life had come to an end. While the fate of her cubs worried conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts, one female cub, P433 (P: Panna born, 4: progeny of T4, 3: 3rd litter of T4, 3: third cub in the litter) was tranquilised and collared and then, left to fend for herself along with her two male siblings. The cubs showed as much enterprise as their mother, and as of today, all three inhabit a territory in and around Panna.
While T4 was the high achiever, her sibling, rechristened T5, was charting her own course. T5 was released in Panna in November 2011 at the age of over six-and-half years. Despite her long years in what was merely a large enclosure, she was quite an agile and powerful animal. Her first kill was a wild pig, which, even for a well-established wild tiger, can be difficult.
In her lifetime, T5 remained discreet and elusive. In my conversations with local guides, few ever saw her and nobody seems to have ever captured her on camera. She remained an enigma, a bit of an under-performer and shy, but every bit as free a spirit as her sister.
Both, T4 and T5 died before their time, but they led rare lives — starting from being orphaned at the age of 30 days, to living a life of captivity for over six years before being part of the most daring re-wilding experiment that many believed was bound to fail, to actually leading a fully wild life; breeding, littering and even successfully raising their young to adulthood. This was unheard of in the annals of tiger conservation and credit has to go to the Panna team.
T4 and T5 demonstrated the fantastic potential of forests like the Panna Tiger Reserve, that recovered from zero tigers in 2009 to over 30 tigers as of today. They offered us the chance to correct our past mistakes and to atone for our sins. Most of all, they indicated the importance of taking care of our wildlife and protected zones. The Panna Tiger Reserve provides important ecosystem services, including water to the perennial Ken river, but is threatened by the proposed Ken-Betwa river-link project which will cause direct and indirect damage to about 200 sq km of the reserve. Equally worrying is the proposed 1,000 hectare Rio Tinto diamond mine.
Today, the progeny of T4 and T5 continue to put up a spirited resistance to this unequal fight. It’s almost as if the wild spirit of their mothers lingers on in the deep gorges, vertical rock faces, gentle streams and dark gullies, watching over us and chiding us to never let Panna slip away again.
which were reintroduced between 2009 and 2013 (5♀ and 1♂), and 4-second generation tigers
(1♀, 3♂; born between 2010 and 2011). All 6 founder tigers and 6 of their offspring have been
fitted with VHF radio collars by reserve authorities. Details of this equipment are provided by
Sarkar et al. [23]. PTR tiger monitoring teams working in three 8-h shifts followed radio-collared
tigers each day using a handheld VHF antenna between 2009 and 2014. The teams were
tasked with recording the spatial locations of the tigers on an hourly basis. Following the signals
from the transmitters, members from the monitoring team located individual tigers and
homed-in. Tigers spent considerable time near carcasses and, whenever opportunity permitted,
members from the team visually inspected kills after the animals left the carcass, recording
details about the kill. Monitoring teams successfully recorded large bodied animal carcasses,
but most of the carcasses of intermediate and smaller sized prey were either dragged deep into
the thickets or were completely eaten by the tigers. Since we were more interested in livestock
kills, the collected dataset provided sufficient information that was also reliable. The collected
data were manually recorded into books maintained separately for each tiger and, where possible,
photographs were taken. Recorded information on kills included the spatial locations of
the kill, prey species, age group, and sex of prey. A small percentage (3%) of the kills could not be identified to the species level because carcasses were destroyed too much during the kill and
subsequent feeding.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0174844
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-016-1026-9
December 26 has special significance for the Panna Tiger Reserve management and staff because on this day in 2009, T3–the male tiger relocated from Pench to repopulate this habitat, was located, tranquilised and brought back by the Panna team 30 days after the big cat started moving in the South direction and travelled almost 442 kilometres through Chhatarpur, Sagar and Damoh districts and was heading towards his original habitat.
Chasing the tiger was a huge challenge for the Panna team since time was a crucial factor as the foresters were aware that the poachers could kill the tiger any moment while it was roaming outside the Protected Area. The Panna team which went searching for the tiger was supported by 70 smaller teams. Four elephants were also deployed in this massive search opeation.
T3 has sired most of the litters produced under the ambitious Panna Reintroduction Project. More than 32 cubs have been born in 14 litters since December 2009 and 6 of these have died. Of these 7 tigers have made the entire Bundelkhand region their territory while a family of 22 tigers resides in the Park area.
T3 has the credit of discovering the Panna Tiger Reserve-Nauradehi corridor during his 30 days of wandering outside the Panna area. Similarly another Panna tiger–Panna-212 created history by discovering the Panna-Bandhavgarh-Sanjay Tiger Reserve corridor pairing with a tigress in the Sanjay Tiger Reserve.
For those associated with the Panna Tiger Reintroduction Project from its inception, T3 is a real hero. He symbolises the threat any tiger would face once it leaves the Protected Area. Once T3 left the park area in November 2009, the Panna Tiger Reserve management and the State wildlife wing gave the clear message to the National Tiger Conservation Authority that there is zero security for the endangered tigers in the buffer areas or the corridors connecting the Protected Areas. Inquiries at that time had revealed that the forest team that was trying to track the tiger while it was moving outside the park area had lost its line of sight perhaps due to obstructions and a rocky terrain and had no idea about its where abouts for seven days from November 29 onwards. The only saving grace was the fact that a villager had spotted the tiger in the forest of Nayakheda at Pipartola-Gopalpura on December 2. It was on December 7, 2009 that the tiger was relocated in the Patrikota forest on the border of Chhattarpur and Sagar districts.
This tiger was first tranquilized on November 6 at Pench and was brought to Panna Tiger Reserve, where it was left in an enclosure at Badagarhi inside the Park area. Due to technical and logistical reasons, the Tiger was brought to Panna without radio-callar. The Tiger was watched for 7 days and a team of expert veterinarians, including Parag Mishra (Wildlife Institute of India), A.B Shrivastav (Jabalpur Veterinary College), Sandeep Agrawal (Kanha Tiger Reserve), Akhilesh Mishra (Pench Tiger Reserve), Sanjeev Gupta (Panna Tiger Reserve), led by the State Chief Conservator of Wildlife, Dharmendra Shukla had decided to tranquilize the tiger for the second time on November 13. The next day, the tiger was left free in the Tiger Reserve. He remained there till November 25 and started traveling southwards.
The tiger traveled more than 400 kms, which is the first example of its kind. He crossed even the town of Garhakota, which was 250 kms from the Badagarhi enclosure inside the Park area. There was no dearth of anxiety among the Panna Tiger Reserve managers and others involved in tracking the tiger at this stage, as they were afraid that the tiger could be poisoned and killed by villagers or poachers. There was also the threat of local shikaris (local villagers engaged in hunting the herbivores). The forest team could keep track of the tiger, which was radio-collared, till November 29. The forest team, led by V.S Parihar, DFO Panna Tiger Reserve, had even succeeded in driving it back almost 30 kms towards the Tiger Reserve. Soon however the tiger gave the slip and began moving in the southern direction. At this juncture, the forest team was confronted with the big question. Whether to tranquilize the tiger once again? The issue was “will it survive in the path it was moving.” There was also the risk of tranquilizing the tiger for the third time within a short period. The team on the spot, which included the member secretary National Tiger Conservation Authority, Rajesh Gopal, State PCCF Wildlife, R.S. Negi, Chief Conservator of forest, J.S. Chauhan, Panna Tiger Reserve Director, Srinivas Murthy and Dr. Ramesh (Wildlife Institute of India), finally decided to tranquilize the tiger once more. Tranquilizing the tiger in poor visibility and more particularly near the Bewas River in the midst of rock cliffs was a big challenge. On December 19, an attempt was made to tranquilize the tiger but it slipped away and hid in a sugar cane field in the Madaiyya village of Sagar district and at night crossed over to the Noradehi forest. From here the tiger moved over to the Taradehi forest where it was tranquilized on December 25 and was brought back and left in the Panna Tiger Reserve at 4 am on December 26.
https://newsroom24x7.com/2015/01/04/t3-the-real-hero-of-panna-tiger-reserve/
Around the time that these cubs were exploring their limited freedom, about 350 km away, Panna Tiger Reserve’s tiger population was being decimated. In March 2011, one of the two siblings nearing six years of age, christened T4, was released into the wild world of Panna.T4 picked up skills to make wild kills and was soon hunting on her own. She delivered her first litter of two cubs in November 2011, a first in the world, wherein an orphaned tigress, brought up in captivity not only re-wilded but also delivered in the wild. T4 went on to deliver a second litter which she abandoned, and then a third litter in July 2013, giving birth to three cubs.
T4’s sightings with her cubs were quite common. I got to see T4 more than once, lolling away in glory with her then nine-month old babies as she rested in the shade of vegetation by a stream. The cubs couldn’t restrain their curiosity and would peek out from behind their mother. In September 2014, while her cubs were merely 14 months old, the magnificent T4 passed away. The reason was ascribed to natural causes, possibly an illness. A trailblazing life had come to an end. While the fate of her cubs worried conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts, one female cub, P433 (P: Panna born, 4: progeny of T4, 3: 3rd litter of T4, 3: third cub in the litter) was tranquilised and collared and then, left to fend for herself along with her two male siblings. The cubs showed as much enterprise as their mother, and as of today, all three inhabit a territory in and around Panna.
While T4 was the high achiever, her sibling, rechristened T5, was charting her own course. T5 was released in Panna in November 2011 at the age of over six-and-half years. Despite her long years in what was merely a large enclosure, she was quite an agile and powerful animal. Her first kill was a wild pig, which, even for a well-established wild tiger, can be difficult.
In her lifetime, T5 remained discreet and elusive. In my conversations with local guides, few ever saw her and nobody seems to have ever captured her on camera. She remained an enigma, a bit of an under-performer and shy, but every bit as free a spirit as her sister.
Both, T4 and T5 died before their time, but they led rare lives — starting from being orphaned at the age of 30 days, to living a life of captivity for over six years before being part of the most daring re-wilding experiment that many believed was bound to fail, to actually leading a fully wild life; breeding, littering and even successfully raising their young to adulthood. This was unheard of in the annals of tiger conservation and credit has to go to the Panna team.
T4 and T5 demonstrated the fantastic potential of forests like the Panna Tiger Reserve, that recovered from zero tigers in 2009 to over 30 tigers as of today. They offered us the chance to correct our past mistakes and to atone for our sins. Most of all, they indicated the importance of taking care of our wildlife and protected zones. The Panna Tiger Reserve provides important ecosystem services, including water to the perennial Ken river, but is threatened by the proposed Ken-Betwa river-link project which will cause direct and indirect damage to about 200 sq km of the reserve. Equally worrying is the proposed 1,000 hectare Rio Tinto diamond mine.
Today, the progeny of T4 and T5 continue to put up a spirited resistance to this unequal fight. It’s almost as if the wild spirit of their mothers lingers on in the deep gorges, vertical rock faces, gentle streams and dark gullies, watching over us and chiding us to never let Panna slip away again.
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